Scientology: A Religion in South AfricaDavid Chidester
University of Cape Town
South Africa
15. L. Ron Hubbard, Phoenix Lectures (Edinburgh: Publications Organization World Wide, 1968): 35.
16. Ibid., 13.
17. Ibid., 11.
18. L. Ron Hubbard, Science of Survival: Prediction of Human Behaviour (East Grinstead, Sussex: Hubbard Communications Office, 1964; orig. edn. 1951): 244.
19. L. Ron Hubbard, Ceremonies of the Founding Church of Scientology (Letchworth, Hertfordshire: Garden City Press, 1967): 73-75.
20. L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology 8-8008 (Bedford: Foundry Press, 1956; orig. edn. 1953): 65.
21. Hubbard, Ceremonies of the Founding Church of Scientology, 7
22. Jonathan Z. Smith, “Healing Cults,” New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, vol. 8 (Chicago, 1977): 685.
23. Henry Clarke Warren, trans., Buddhism in Translations (New York: Atheneum, 1979): 405.
24. Morton Bloomfield, The Seven Deadly Sins: An Introduction to the History of a Religious Concept (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1967).
25. On dissonance and harmony in religious ethics, see David Chidester, Patterns of Action: Religion and Ethics in a Comparative Perspective (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1987): 67- 105.
26. Hubbard, Science of Survival, 40.
27. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964).
28. Felicitas Goodman, Ecstasy, Ritual, and Alternative Reality: Religion in a Pluralistic World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988); Where the Spirits Ride the Wind: Trance Journeys and other Ecstatic Experiences (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
29. For analysis that has discredited the claim that new religions engage in “brainwashing,” see David Bromley and James Richardson, eds., The Brainwashing/Deprogramming Controversy: Sociological, psychological, Legal, and Historical Perspectives (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1983); and Dick Anthony, “Religious Movements and Brainwashing Litigation: Evaluating Key Testimony,” in Thomas Robbins and Dick Anthony, eds., In Gods We Trust: New Patterns of Religious Pluralism in America, 2nd edn. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction, 1990): 295-325.
30. Church of Scientology, What is Scientology?: The Comprehensive Reference on the World’s Fastest Growing Religion (Los Angeles: Bridge Publications, 1992): 221.
31. Ibid., 222.
32. Church of Scientology, Description of the Scientology religion, 8.
33. L. Ron Hubbard, Religion (Sussex: Hubbard Communications Office, HCO Policy Letter of 29 October 1962).
34. David Chidester, Patterns of Power: Religion and Politics in American Culture (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988): 239-41.
35. Kotzé, Report of the Commission of Inquiry, 209.
36. Church of Scientology, Reply to the Report of the Commission of Inquiry: “The Missina Report” for the Information of Members of Parliament (Johannesburg: Church of Scientology, 1973): 41.
37. Cited in Ibid., 43.
38. Church of Scientology, What is Scientology?, 425.
39. Church of Scientology, Reference Guide to the Scientology Religion: Answers to Questions Most Commonly Asked by Media (Los Angeles: Church of Scientology International, 1994): 22.
40. Citizens Commission on Human Rights, “Psychiatry and South Africa,” Creating Racism: Psychiatry’s Betrayal in the Guise of Help (Los Angeles, CCHR, 1995): 18.
41. Klippies Kritzinger, ed., Believers in the Future (Cape Town: World Conference on Religion and Peace, South African Chapter, 1991).
42. William James, The Varieties of Religious York: Macmillan, 1961): 393.
43. Roy Wallis, “Hostages to Fortune: Thoughts on the Future of Scientology and the Children of God,” in David G. Bromley and Phillip E. Hammond, eds., The Future of New Religious Movements (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1987): 80-84; Robert Ellwood, “A Historian of Religion Looks at the Future of New Religious Movements,” in ibid., 249-50; Benton Johnson, “A Sociologist of Religion Looks at the Future of New Religious Movements,” in ibid., 253-56.
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